Biography of John Marshall, Supreme Court Chief Justice

John Marshall served as the chief justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835. During Marshalls 34 year tenure, the Supreme Court attained stature and established itself as a fully co-equal branch of the government. When Marshall was appointed by John Adams, the Supreme Court was widely viewed as a weak institution with little impact on government or society. However, the Marshall court became a check on the power of the executive and legislative branches. Many opinions written during Marshalls tenure established precedents which still continue to define the powers of the federal government to this day. Fast Facts: John Marshall Occupation: Supreme Court chief justice, secretary of state, and lawyerBorn: September 24, 1755 in Germantown, VirginiaDied: July 6, 1835 Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaEducation: College of William MarySpouses Name: Mary Willis Ambler Marshall (m. 1783–1831)Childrens Names: Humphrey, Thomas, MaryKey Accomplishment: Raised the stature of the U.S. Supreme Court, established the Supreme Court as a co-equal branch of government Early Life and Military Service John Marshall was born on the Virginia frontier on September 24, 1755. His family was related to some of the wealthiest members of the Virginia aristocracy, including Thomas Jefferson. However, because of several scandals in previous generations, Marshalls parents had inherited little and subsisted as hard-working farmers. Marshalls parents were somehow able to acquire a number of books. They instilled a love of learning in their son, and he compensated for a lack of formal education through extensive reading. When the colonies rebelled against the British, Marshall enlisted in a Virginia regiment. He rose to the title of officer and saw combat at battles including Brandywine and Monmouth. Marshall spent the bitter winter of 1777-78 at Valley Forge. It was said that his sense of humor helped him and his friends cope with the great hardship. As the Revolutionary War neared its end, Marshall found himself sidelined, as most of the men in his regiment had deserted. He remained an officer, but he had no men to lead, so he spent time attending lectures on the law at the College of William and Mary—his only experience with formal education. Legal and Political Career In 1780, Marshall was admitted to the Virginia Bar and began a law practice. Two years later, in 1782, he entered politics, winning the election to the Virginia legislature. Marshall earned a reputation as a very good lawyer whose logical thinking made up for his lack of formal schooling. He attended the convention at which Virginians debated whether to ratify the Constitution. He argued forcefully for ratification. He took a particular interest in defending Article III, which deals with the powers of the judiciary, and embraced the concept of judicial review—foreshadowing of his later career on the Supreme Court. In the 1790s, as political parties began to form, Marshall became a leading Federalist in Virginia. He aligned himself with President George Washington and Alexander Hamilton, and was a proponent of a strong national government. Marshall avoided joining the federal government, preferring to stay in the Virginia legislature. This decision arose partly from the fact that his private law practice was doing very well. In 1797, he accepted an assignment from President Adams, who sent him to Europe as a diplomat during a time of tension with France. After returning to America, Marshall ran for Congress, and was elected in 1798. In early 1800, Adams, who had been impressed by Marshalls diplomatic work, appointed him secretary of state. Marshall was serving in that position when Adams lost the election of 1800, which was eventually decided in the House of Representatives. Appointment to the Supreme Court In the final days of John Adams presidency, a problem arose on the Supreme Court: the Chief Justice, Oliver Ellsworth, resigned due to failing health. Adams wanted to appoint a successor before leaving office, and his first choice, John Jay, turned down the job. Marshall delivered the letter that contained Jays rejection of the position to Adams. Adams was disappointed to read Jays letter turning him down, and asked Marshall who he should appoint. Marshall said he did not know. Adams replied, I believe I must nominate you. Though surprised, Marshall agreed to accept the position of chief justice. In an odd quirk, he did not resign from the post of secretary of state. Marshall was easily confirmed by the Senate, and for a brief period he was both chief justice and secretary of state, a situation that would be unthinkable in the modern era. As the post of chief justice was not considered a lofty position at the time, it was perhaps surprising that Marshall accepted the offer. It is possible that, as a committed Federalist, he believed serving on the nations highest court might be a check on the incoming administration of Thomas Jefferson. Landmark Cases Marshalls tenure leading the Supreme Court began on March 5, 1801. He sought to strengthen and unify the court, and at the outset he was able to convince his colleagues to stop the practice of issuing separate opinions. For his first decade on the court, Marshall tended to write the courts opinions himself. The Supreme Court also assumed its lofty position in the government by deciding cases which set important precedents. Some of the landmark cases of the Marshall era are: Marbury v. Madison, 1803 Perhaps the most discussed and influential legal case in American history, Marshalls written decision in Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review and was the first Supreme Court case to declare a law was unconstitutional. The decision written by Marshall would provide future courts with a sturdy defense of judicial power. Fletcher v. Peck, 1810 The decision, which involved a land dispute case in Georgia, established that a state court could strike down a state law as being inconsistent with the U.S. Constitution. McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 The case arose from a dispute between the state of Maryland and the Bank of the United States. The Supreme Court, led by Marshall, held that the Constitution gave the federal government implied powers and that a state could not regulate the power of the federal government. Cohens v. Virginia, 1821 The case, which arose from a dispute between two brothers and the state of Virginia, established that the federal courts could review state court decisions. Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824 In case involving the regulation of steamboats in the waters around New York City, the Supreme Court held that the Constitutions commerce clause gave the federal government broad powers to regulate commerce. Legacy During the 34 years of Marshall’s tenure, the Supreme Court became a fully co-equal branch of the federal government. It was the Marshall court that first declared a law passed by Congress to be unconstitutional and set important limits on state powers. Without Marshalls guidance in the early decades of the 19th century, it is unlikely the Supreme Court could have grown into the powerful institution it has become. Marshall died on July 6, 1835. His death was marked with public displays of grieving, and in Philadelphia, the Liberty Bell cracked while being rung in tribute to him. Sources Paul, Joel Richard. Without Precedent: Chief Justice John Marshall and His Times. New York, Riverhead Books, 2018.Marshall, John. Shaping of America, 1783-1815 Reference Library, edited by Lawrence W. Baker, et al., vol. 3: Biographies Volume 2, UXL, 2006, pp. 347-359. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Marshall, John. Gale Encyclopedia of American Law, edited by Donna Batten, 3rd ed., vol. 6, Gale, 2011, pp. 473-475. Gale Virtual Reference Library.John Marshall. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 10, Gale, 2004, pp. 279-281. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway - 885 Words

In the classic novel The Sun Also Rises, author Earnest Hemmingway carefully follows the lives of several Americans, impacted by times of World War I. The cohort of people highlighted in this time period is often referred to as the Lost Generation. The war was commonly known as the Great War, and shaped the way people lived in that particular time period. Known for its fast times and lack of morals, the war set a new standards for the people of its time, and changed many peoples beliefs in traditional values of love, morals, and religion. Throughout the novel, the results of the war affected the characters in every aspect of their lives. World War I had a major effect on all the characters in this novel. Because of the numerous casualties and horrific losses along with the total impact from the war, the lost generation really lost their sense of values. They no longer had the same views on life, and now converted to living life without purpose and constantly looked for ways to escap e from the real world, which was no longer satisfying. In the novel, the characters are seen constantly drinking and partying, as it is clearly a part of their daily routine, in attempts to deal with the pain that was caused during World War I. Narrator Jake Barnes is very preoccupied in the life of non-stop drinking and constant partying. The War directly affected Jake as he became disabled during the war, leaving him impotent, and ultimately keeping him from being with the woman whoShow MoreRelatedThe Sun Also Rises By Ernest Hemingway1649 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sun Also Rises Ernest Hemingway Introduction Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises is a classic work of American prose, and is essential to understanding the social climate of the 1920’s, and the â€Å"Lost Generation†. 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Cancer Essay Introduction Example For Students

Cancer Essay Introduction Word Count: 1209I chose to do my report onbecause it is a subject I want tolearn about and because it can probably fit 5 pages. Mybibliography is on the ending of the report, my teacher helped mewith it because I didnt know how to do it. Cancer is the name fortumors that are malignant. Malignant tumors do not respond tobody mechanisms that limit growing. Malignant tumors show a notnormal cell structure the same functional specialized cells. Alsocancer cells growing in laboratory tissue culture do not stopgrowing when they touch each other on a glass or other solidsurface but grow in masses several layers deep they are said to lackcontact inhibition. Loss of contact inhibition accounts for two othercharacteristics of cancer cells invasiveness of surrounding tissuesand metastasis spreading via the lymph system or blood to othertissues and organs. Cells are typically controlled by growth factorscompetence factors that stimulate cells to enter the beginning phaseof cell replication and p rogression factors that insure completion ofthe replication cycle. The unrestricted growth rates of cells are dueto the activation and lack of inhibition of oncogenes. They arecancer causing genes. Cancer tissue that grows without limits competes with normaltissue for nutrients kills the normal cells by nutritional deprivation. Cancerous tissue also causes secondary effects with the symptomsof a malignant growth caused by the pressure of the growing tumoragainst surrounding tissue or the metastasis of cancer cells andtheir invasion of other organs. Cancers are graded as to degree ofmalignancy on a scale of one through four the distinction betweeneven benign and malignant neoplasms is obscure. All organs andtissues are susceptible to cancer. A lot of human cancers may be caused or at least triggered byvarious chemical agents. Alkylating agents are thought to have acarcinogenic effect because they chemically alter the cells nucleicacids. Nitrites common additives in processed meat react withamines in the stomach to form nitrosoamines which someauthorities believe may be carcinogenic to humans. Othercommonly occurring carcinogens are azo dyes, polycyclichydrocarbons, and urethane. Certain carcinogens presentoccupational hazards. Asbestos particles once inhaled stay in thelung and act as an irritant. In the asbestos and constructionindustries workers have a high probability of developing a fatalcancer of the chest lining or abdominal lining 25 to 30 years afterthe initial inhalation of . Asbestos also has been linked to lung andcolon cancers in exposed individuals. Oral cancer common in Indiais commonly attributed to the chewing of betel nuts. Although theapparently increasing incidence of some types of highly malignantcanc ers certain lung cancers and may be a result of improvementsin disease detection and diagnosis cigarette smoking and anincrease of atmospheric pollutants are also thought to play a part. Increasing evidence implicates viruses in induction of cancer. In the early 20th century Peyton Rous an American virologistshowed that certain fowl sarcomas could be transmitted byinjection of an agent invisible under the microscope and latershown to be an RNA containing virus. Since then other oncogenicor tumor causing viruses have been identified in experimentalanimals. Viruses of the herpes group some of which cause coldsores and chicken pox have been shown to cause cancer inexperimental animals. Recent evidence indicates that othermembers of the herpes group such as the virus causing infectiousmononucleosis may cause human cancer. Human papillomavirushas also been shown to cause or initiate cancers. Some types ofHPV cause genital warts known as condylomata acuminata whichappear to cause invasive cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, orpenis. There is evidence of synergistic effects of smoking andsome forms of HPV and cancer particularly cervical cancer inwoman. HPV 16 has been shown to be associated with some formsof Kaposis sarcoma. Surgical removal of the warts and lesions hasa 70% prevention of recurrence antiviral treatment with interferonsappear mildly successful when surgical removal is not successful. .uca69bdb1fc7d0b888226390c8dcd1e78 , .uca69bdb1fc7d0b888226390c8dcd1e78 .postImageUrl , .uca69bdb1fc7d0b888226390c8dcd1e78 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uca69bdb1fc7d0b888226390c8dcd1e78 , .uca69bdb1fc7d0b888226390c8dcd1e78:hover , .uca69bdb1fc7d0b888226390c8dcd1e78:visited , .uca69bdb1fc7d0b888226390c8dcd1e78:active { border:0!important; } .uca69bdb1fc7d0b888226390c8dcd1e78 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uca69bdb1fc7d0b888226390c8dcd1e78 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uca69bdb1fc7d0b888226390c8dcd1e78:active , .uca69bdb1fc7d0b888226390c8dcd1e78:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uca69bdb1fc7d0b888226390c8dcd1e78 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uca69bdb1fc7d0b888226390c8dcd1e78 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uca69bdb1fc7d0b888226390c8dcd1e78 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uca69bdb1fc7d0b888226390c8dcd1e78 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uca69bdb1fc7d0b888226390c8dcd1e78:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uca69bdb1fc7d0b888226390c8dcd1e78 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uca69bdb1fc7d0b888226390c8dcd1e78 .uca69bdb1fc7d0b888226390c8dcd1e78-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uca69bdb1fc7d0b888226390c8dcd1e78:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Maybelline Case Study EssaySome cancers may be triggered by changes in the bodysinternal environment as hormone imbalances. A first reported in1970 some daughters of mothers who had been givendiethylstilbestrol during pregnancy to prevent miscarriagedeveloped vaginal adenocarcinomas as young women. There aregenetic tendencies for certain types of cancer like breast orstomach cancer and certain benign tumors like certain tumors ofthe eye, cartilage, and skin, some of which may later becomemalignant. Physical agents such as X-rays and radioactive elementsare also carcinogenic the high incidence of leukemia and othercancers in Japanese survivors of the atomic bombing of